Antifragility characterizes the benefit of a dynamical system derived from the variability in
environmental perturbations. Antifragility carries a precise definition that quantifies a system’s
output response to input variability. Systems may respond poorly to perturbations (fragile) or
benefit from perturbations (antifragile). In this manuscript, we review a range of applications of
antifragility theory in technical systems (e.g., traffic control, robotics) and natural systems (e.g.,
cancer the…